AVAILABILITY OF MANPOWER AND EFFICIENCY OF THEIR USE
An important factor influencing the level of labor utilization and efficiency of agricultural production is to ensure that the enterprise workforce. Their deficiency can lead to noncompliance with a plan of production, non-compliance with the optimal timing of agricultural field work, in the end – the decline in agricultural production. On the contrary, surplus labor led to its underutilization and low productivity.
Decent and productive work economy characterized by the number of workers per 100 hectares of land.
Rate of coverage is defined as the ratio of cash to the labor required to carry out the production plan.
Reveal the level of security of the enterprise human resources can and arable land per 1 employee. This figure, however, is not informative, since it ignores the differences between agricultural enterprises in terms of intensity and specialization. Therefore, when comparing the best to use a ratio of.
Efficiency of utilization of labor resources is primarily characterized by labor productivity, that is, its ability to produce a unit of time a certain number of products. In economic analysis for this purpose uses several factors, chief among them – to develop and labor-intensive products.
Generation – is the amount of output produced per unit of working time, or per 1 employee for a certain period (hour, shift, month, year). The volume of output can be measured both in natural and value terms.
Formulation of agricultural industries is calculated as follows:
1. Hourly (day) development – the ratio of production in kind or in cash (CAP) to the amount of work in man-hours or man-days.
2. Annual output – the ratio of gross output in the monetary evaluation to the annual average number of employees (P).
In assessing the productivity of labor is often used and the reverse indicator - the complexity (the same), and it represents the ratio of working time to the volume of production (usually in kind). Take a closer look at the practice.
During the agrarian reform, labor productivity in the sectors of agriculture has declined. In the agricultural enterprises of the production volume of gross agricultural production per 1 worker fell by almost 25%. Labor productivity in Russian agriculture in the 7 – 10 times lower than in countries with developed market economies.
Greatly increased the complexity of the production of selected agricultural products, especially wool, growth of live weight of cattle, milk, sunflower and sugar beet. Labor costs per unit of these products have almost doubled, which was mainly due to decreased animal productivity and yield of the crops.
Labour productivity in the agricultural industries depend on many natural and economic factors that can be grouped into four groups:
1) the organizational and economic problems – the deepening of specialization, better organization of production and labor, regulation of labor, the elimination of downtime for organizational reasons, the reduction of staff;
2) feasibility – the improvement of technology and complex mechanization of production, the use of new technology, the elimination of downtime due to technical reasons;
3) socio-economic problems – improving the material and moral stimulation of work, labor discipline, skills development, elimination of employee turnover, improved working conditions, welfare and recreation workers, the revival of competition in the workforce;
4) natural factors – climate and soil fertility. In agriculture, unlike other branches of material production work results largely depend on natural conditions. At the same labor costs, depending on the prevailing weather conditions and soil fertility can be a different number of products. Therefore, increasing agricultural productivity is possible only if the maximum allowance for factors of the environment.
Efficiency of utilization of labor resources is largely dependent on the level of motivation. Motivation – a system of incentives to encourage people fully use their abilities to achieve the best results of labor.
Currently, the most effective motivating factor is the satisfaction of human material conditions of his labor (including salaries, bonuses, additional payments for seniority, benefits, and sells products to their employees at discounted prices, etc.). In this case, productivity growth should outpace wage growth.
Another important form of motivation of productive labor – the moral encouragement of employees, their timely promotion, promoting the growth of skills, creating a favorable psychological atmosphere in the team, encouraging independence and responsibility for assignments.
Main factor in increasing productivity in the sector remains complex mechanization and electrification of production. In agriculture, is still widely used manual labor, and the level of mechanization of many manufacturing processes is very low. Introduction of a new, more productive machinery, the improvement of machines will not only minimize the cost of manual labor, but also increase productivity by improving the quality of work and into the optimum time.
At the present stage of agricultural development is crucial in higher crop yields and animal productivity, which are at a very low level. Without solving this problem is impossible to increase productivity in the industry.