STATE LAND CADASTRE AND MONITORING OF LAND
Rational use of land and ensuring continuous improvement of its fertility necessitated organization of comprehensive qualitative and quantitative accounting of land-based unified cadastre. State Land Cadastre is a system of necessary information and documents on the legal regime of land, their distribution by land owners, land categories, as well as the quality and value of land.
The data of land cadastre are subject to mandatory application for planning land use and protection, their withdrawal and granting of, the determination of payments for the land, holding land; assessment of economic activity; state control associated with land use and protection.
Each part of the land register has a specific meaning, content, and is characterized by the corresponding methods of its conduct.
Land monitoring is a system of observations on the state land fund for the timely detection of changes, assess, prevent and eliminate the negative processes.
The essence of soil fertility is characterized by the ability of soil to support the needs of plants with essential nutrients during all periods of growth and development of crops. However, the fertility of the soil depends not only on the presence of nutrients, moisture, and the state of its structure, but also additional investment in processing and cultivation of plants (for irrigation, application of organic and mineral fertilizers, etc.). Consequently fertile soils are the result of the interaction of natural (natural), and economic processes taking place specific conditions of farming.
In economics distinguish natural, artificial and economic soil fertility. Natural fertility (natural) was formed as a result of soil-forming processes under the influence of natural forces of nature – sun, wind and water. It is characterized by certain physical, chemical and biological properties and is crucial for agriculture.
The natural fertility of the soil is a potential wealth of Russian lands. The level of its practical use by the development of agronomic and agrochemical science, degree of mechanization of agriculture and a number of various factors of production. The most important task of agriculture is the most complete and efficient use of natural fertility of the land.
In the process of improving the soil, use of chemicals and the amelioration of the amount of nutrients used by plants can be increased. Consequently, the fertility of the soil, created as a result of human activity, is an artificial fertility. It depends on the level of development of productive forces and therefore differently at different stages of development of society. In the agricultural production of artificial fertility is assured through irrigation and soil conservation works, liming, application of organic and mineral fertilizers and other events. Thus, the treated soils are fertile, and crop yield on them is increasing steadily.
Taken together, both natural and artificial fertility is economic or efficient fertility. Natural and artificial fertility exist in the organic unity and contribute to the development of plants.
Direct indicator of economic fertility appears crop yields. To compare the economic soil used indicators such as the level of fertility. It expresses the yield of agriculture per unit area or the size of output per unit of land according to its quality. In the first case it would be an absolute fertility, and the second relative fertility. In addition to agriculture and the use of such a supplemental measure, as the output of agricultural products per unit of material and monetary costs. Thus, fertility is characterized by the absolute yield of crops, and the relative – of the resulting product per unit production costs.