ensure the growth of population income, including self-employment and entrepreneurship, their actual content as a condition for the formation of effective demand, significantly increase the amount of wages as the main source of cash income and an important incentive labor participation rate, increase the role of state minimum social and labor guarantees, gradually bringing them to the living wage, to reduce unjustified differentiation of certain groups in terms of income by improving the taxation of income citizens, to ensure better protection of vulnerable populations, pension reform.

Politics in wage setting will be formed taking into account the fact that wages should be a key driver of economic growth and improve production efficiency. This requires increasing the share of wages in gross domestic product and population income.

The main objectives of the reform of pay in the next five years will be:

Strengthen the incentive role of wages in increasing the production of goods, works (services) and increasing its efficiency, as well as the legalization of all forms of labor income and a significant increase in the proportion of payment on tariff rates and salaries to average wages, cost of labor regulation in a phased approach the size of the tariff rate to the first category of the living wage, but in the long term – the minimum consumer budget, provision of wage differentiation in vocational and skill groups, depending on the complexity of work and skill level, increasing the role of social partnership in the regulation of wages in the real economy, implementation of the principle of equal pay for work isosyllabism under comparable conditions, the removal of unjustified differentiation in compensation of employees of enterprises and organizations of different ownership forms including through the mechanisms of the labor market.

Regulation of wages of public sector employees through the state provides to evidence-based policy in determining the size of the tariff rate of the first category; ordering system nadtarifnyh payments and improving the parameters of the Unified Tariff Scale, development of more effective procedures for establishing funds for salaries in budget organizations.

In the real sector of the economy of the state policy related to labor relations, will be implemented through the extension of the scope and effectiveness of social partnership, to improve the system of taxes and payments in order to enhance the role of wages in the promotion of the results of labor and thereby return it to the function of the expanded reproduction of labor, that will raise the prestige of payment. In this planned improvements in the ratio of average wages and the minimum consumer budget.

Estimated wage growth as the main source of income will provide increased its purchasing power. In 2000, on the average monthly salary could buy two sets of goods and services included in the subsistence wage, in 2005 – more than three. This will reduce over five years, the proportion of people with incomes below the subsistence minimum of two times.

However, the increase in 2001 wages of employees of organizations financed from the budget, largely to be achieved through additional sources of financing, including through the reduction of cross subsidies. Implementation of measures to reduce cross-subsidies will be subject to a rapid growth in household incomes and will not affect the reduction in their standard of living. The increase in the size of the average monthly wage of employees of organizations financed from the budget is provided to produce due to gradual increase of the tariff rate of the first discharge. At the same time be produced and streamlining the structure of wages. These are included in the tariff rates and salaries are now widely used different types of bonuses, allowances and promotions.

The increase in wages in the sphere of material production will be carried out by performing additional tasks for the growth of production of goods (works, services), its implementation, reducing costs, reduce wastage, improve profitability, that is by improving the financial and economic activity. However, the main at such facilities should be equal pay for work of equal and comparable value. In this regard, will provide ordering structure (composition) of wages and on this basis to enhance the role of wages in tariff rates and salaries, depending on the complexity of work and skill level.

The purpose of social protection in the medium term is to prevent the decline of living standards, especially the most vulnerable groups (pensioners, age, disability, many children and single parent families), whose combined income below the subsistence minimum.

The main directions and tasks of social protection provide for increased state support to socially vulnerable layers and groups, improving the efficiency of social programs and managing the funds allocated by the government on social protection.

For these purposes, is assumed:

providing funding for social programs from the republican and local budgets, as well as private financial institutions, improving pensions, increased use of social security and insurance in social welfare; policies oriented to increase real income, social insurance in case of job loss, temporary or permanent disability.

For the disabled population will provide guarantees of material welfare and social services through social insurance budget.

The basis of welfare reform on the principle of citizens will be targeted to provide social assistance to certain categories of families and single persons, total income is below subsistence level.

It is now is working to create a system of targeted social assistance. In order to develop a unified mechanism to July 1, 2000 are carried out “pilot” program to provide targeted social assistance to certain categories of families and single persons who are in the forecast period will be extended to the entire country.

Expanded resource support programs targeted assistance through the gradual reduction of cross-subsidies and budgetary subsidies producers of goods and services, as well as cancel unnecessary social benefits and payments provided to certain categories of citizens. In this regard, it is envisaged:

streamline the system of allowances, benefits and privileges, to legislate the right to receive social assistance gradually replace most of the concessions granted to various categories of the population, targeted forms of social assistance to transfer some types of benefits established certain categories of citizens in kind (eg, soldiers, ordinary people and officers of the Ministry of Interior and others) in the form of cash payments.

This will preserve benefits for groups with special status under the law (the disabled and war veterans, the liquidators of the Chernobyl disaster, the victims of political repression).

In order to improve the effectiveness of targeted social assistance provided for the gradual elimination of inefficient and benefits in order to reallocate financial resources to the most needy citizens. These are the tasks directed comprehensive system of social protection in the Republic of Belarus for 2000 – 2005,. As well as measures for its implementation.

In order to ensure favorable conditions for development and stabilization of the fertility of the family is planned:

improving the system of state benefits for families with children, the development of social services for families, promoting all forms of business families, improvement of tax policy for the family, annual monitoring of socio-economic potential of the family.

Allowances will be increased depending on the average per capita subsistence minimum.

Youth policy is aimed at solving urgent problems of young people’s lives – education, employment, housing improvements, support for pupils and students, promoting patriotism and conscientious attitude to work, increasing the prestige of youth labor in the formal economy. This support is primarily to provide a young person the opportunity to work and earn a living. A significant step in addressing the problems of young people will increase scholarships. It is planned to extend the construction of housing for young people, improve nutrition and reduce the cost of school, vocational school students, and students.

Work will continue to reform the pension system of the republic on the basis of a rational combination of public and private pension insurance and budget financing. For this purpose, will introduce the individual (personalized) registration of insurance premiums in the state social insurance system and the level of pension to be aligned with the living wage, but in the long term – with the minimum consumer budget. Particular attention is paid to improving the criteria for determining the level of pensions and the mechanism for their calculation, so that pensions are directly dependent on seniority and the amount paid insurance premiums.

Necessary to prepare and adopt a number of bills on pension insurance and security:

“On the basis of the pension system in the Republic of Belarus”, “On State Pension Insurance”, and others, as well as legislation on the general principles and mechanisms of occupational pension schemes and how they interact with the public pension insurance.

Will be further developed system of social services, a priority task which meet the specific needs of the most vulnerable: disabled, elderly, children and needy families. The priority remains the development of transient network of social services as the most cost-effective and close to the real needs of the population.

In the field of social services provided:

expansion of services, creation of territorial centers of social services for families, children, women, senior citizens and disabled persons in urban areas and the need and availability of serviced population; expanding the resource base of social services through private sector involvement and interaction with the charitable and religious organizations.

The development of socio-cultural complex in Belarus is aimed at forming spiritually rich and physically healthy person. Establishes the conditions necessary to ensure universal accessibility and social acceptance of quality of basic social services (especially health care and general education), the expansion of choices in their population.

Government support in these important sectors of society aimed at providing the population with the state minimum social standards, the implementation of measures to improve their logistics, as well as to raise the status of their employees.

Exit strategies. When the plight of the fall promising and deserving conservation company, it is advisable quickly identify and eliminate the causes of the competitive and financial weaknesses. The primary objective in developing exit strategies – establishing the causes of the crisis of the company. What it is called – an unexpected economic downturn, weak competitive strategy, a failed implementation of good policies, high transaction costs, lack of resources, too much debt? Can I save the company or the situation is hopeless? It is important to understand the causes of the crisis and their severity, because different causes require different strategies of salvation.

The most frequent causes of the crisis are the following: to attract too much debt, revaluation of the potential sales growth, ignoring decline in profits during the battle for market share increase by a sharp decline in prices, too high a proportion of fixed costs due to inefficient use of production facilities, inability to create a cost-effective innovative technologies or models, excessive investment in non-proven technology projects, re-evaluation of their own possibilities of penetration new markets; frequent changes in strategy, the action of the stronger contenders. To solve these problems and successfully take the company out of crisis by using the following:

Sale of assets to obtain cash and save the rest of the business, reviewing the current strategy, adoption of comprehensive measures to dramatically increase revenues, decrease costs, simultaneous use of several of the above measures.

Sale of assets. The strategy of selling assets brings success in a situation where the company is vital to get free money, two very real source of these funds – sale of company assets (plant and equipment, land, patents, inventory, profitable units, etc.) and introduction of emergency measures to save (cease output marginal types of goods, the closing or sale of obsolete enterprises, retrenchment, withdrawal from distant markets, reducing the number of services to consumers). Sometimes companies in crisis are selling some assets not so much to get rid of unprofitable operations and to stop inefficient use of funds, how to use the released funds for the rescue and rehabilitation of the remaining activities. In such cases, the problem reduces to move assets out of secondary activities in the main to create a database update strategy.

Revision of the strategy. If poor results are due to a failed strategy, it is necessary to revise the strategy, in particular: to change the strategy of competition, to review the internal organization of business and functional strategies and aligned with the overall strategy, together with another company under the merger and to develop a new strategy taking into account the strengths of the new company, to reduce the range of products or services to more segments to match the competitive opportunities and advantages of the company. The final decision after a careful analysis of the situation the industry, key competitors and its own competitive position in the company, its resource base and intellectual capital.

The sharp increase in income. The purpose of this strategy – maximizing sales. To implement it, apply price discounts, to increase efforts to promote, expand the state sales staff, increasing customer service, quick update product models. Building the revenue is used when there is no way to reduce operating costs and break even is not reached, or if increasing the profitability of current operations to increase capacity utilization. If consumers are not very sensitive to price because they attract primarily the distinctive qualities of the product, the fastest means of increasing revenues will be higher prices.

Reducing costs. The exit strategy from the crisis with the help of cost reduction gives the best results if you can radically rethink the value chain and cost structure of the company, if the inefficiency of operations is clear and responsive, if the cost to companies is too high and there is a reserve to reduce them, and if sales of the company provides a break-even of .

As part of an overall strategy to reduce costs should be paid special attention to reducing administrative costs, eliminate inefficient or secondary activities of the value chain, upgrading of existing production facilities and equipment to improve productivity, the temporary abandonment of investment projects or to secondary activities, restructuring debt to reduce interest payments on the debt and postponing the repayment.

A comprehensive strategy. A comprehensive strategy to overcome the crisis is used in severe situations where you need to act quickly and in all areas. In addition, this strategy often used the new managers, invited the company to complete freedom of action to overcome the crisis. The more serious challenges before the company, the more effective integrated strategy.

The conclusion of the crisis – and often gamble fails. Many find themselves in a difficult situation the company is too slow to start anti-crisis measures. Others refuse to fight because of the lack of financial and managerial resources of the low growth industry and very strong competition for market share. Often, the competitors are too strong to be able to count on victory in the long bitter struggle. Even when successful, to overcome the crisis required a lot of efforts and organizational change, before the company’s profitability and competitiveness will be fully and permanently restored.

The strategy to exit immediately. Sometimes the crisis is too deep or to save the company impractical because of excessive costs on this event or the questioning of a stable income in the future. In this case, the closure and liquidation of its assets – the best and the wisest strategy, although the most unpleasant and painful, as related to the dismissal of workers and the inevitable consequences for the region. However, in desperate situations in time is better undertaken by the elimination of the interests of owners than the inevitable bankruptcy. Procrastination only leads to the elimination of unnecessary depletion of resources and reduction of the company’s assets that could be saved, not to mention the additional stress and negative impact on the future careers of all involved. The main thing – to get a reasoned answer to the question of possible exit from the crisis or not.

Strategy for the last half. This is a compromise between the strategies of preserving the existing position and strategy to exit immediately. At the stage of decline is often used strategy of the last harvest, when Company donates market position for the sake of immediate profit maximization. Primary financial goal of this strategy – extracting the maximum amount of cash from a fading company for use in other projects. Costs in a company approved to the minimum required size. Capital expenditure on new equipment or stand terminated in the last turn

(Except when urgently needed urgently to replace the equipment), focuses on the life extension of existing equipment and production facilities.

Gradually reduced spending on promotion of goods, not too much reduced product quality, stop providing secondary services to consumers, etc. Such actions will inevitably lead to lower sales volumes and market share, but if cost reduction is a faster rate, the profit after tax and net cash flow increase (at least temporarily). Business gradually fade away, but before that it will be removed from all that is possible.

The strategy of the last half of poor fit in the following circumstances [36 c.17-18]:

When the prospects of the industry in the long run are uncertain – a situation today in the tobacco industry, the production of VCRs and video (digital video players and superseded digital disks) When the resuscitation of the company would be too expensive, and when the best the company can expect it to break even – as happened with the company Polaroid, collided with a reduction in demand for its cameras; When saving an existing market share requires more costly, as is the case with producers of the film for conventional cameras, when the weakening of competitive effort does not threaten the immediate decline in sales – the printer manufacturers are unlikely Whether faced with a significant decline in sales of dot matrix printers, even if the advertising campaign will switch to the advancement of laser models, when there is an opportunity to move the released resources in a growth industry – manufacturers of dot matrix printers prefer to pump all their resources in the production of inexpensive laser printers with high quality printing, dying If business is not among the core activities of a diversified company better gradually close the secondary activities than ever to feel the negative impact the profitability of the more important divisions; If dying business does not add any distinctive features of the overall business model and corporate image (stable sales volume, prestige, well-balanced product line).

The more of these conditions observed in this situation, the more appropriate strategy for the last half.

The strategy of the last half best diversified company, where there is incidental or secondary activities, or units with weak competitive positions or operating in unattractive industries. These companies are able to transfer the cash flows of the secondary and unpromising activities in units with higher potential profitability or send them to acquire new companies [15 p.284-285].

BT = dt – Pt

The integrated effect of the budget B (my internet) is calculated as the excess of revenues integral D (my internet) over budget expenditures integral P (my internet):

B (my internet) = D (my internet) – P (my internet).

The list of revenue budget of the investment project include:

tax revenues and rent payments, increased tax revenues from other businesses, and additional revenue income tax from employees’ wages, revenues in the budget and extra budgetary funds (Social Security Fund and the State Employment Promotion Fund), etc.

For budgetary costs associated with the project include:

funds for direct budget financing of the project, benefits for persons who remain unemployed, the National Bank credits allocated as loans to be compensated from the budget, etc.

Cost-effectiveness of the process reflects the impact of the investment project to project to the external environment and takes into account the correlation of the results and the costs of the investment project, which is not directly related to the financial interests of the participants in the project and can be quantified.

Choosing an investment project for the state support is based on the maximum integral effect, taking into account the commercial, fiscal and economic efficiency.

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As for the Republic of Belarus, since its independence was held constant formation and reorganization of state regulation and control of foreign trade. At present, the structure of the machine control is in the process of reform.

In general, the existing system can distinguish several levels. The supreme bodies of management of foreign and foreign trade activities in the Republic of Belarus shall be the President, the National Assembly (Parliament) and the Council of Ministers.

Belarusian President signs laws, issues decrees and orders having the force throughout the country, and the implementation of the main directions of foreign policy, is in the relations with other nations and international organizations.

Parliament as the supreme legislative body passes laws regulating foreign economic activity, developing a foundation of foreign policy, ratify trade agreements with foreign countries. By decision of the Parliament of the Republic may apply the response to the country, creating discriminatory conditions for foreign economic activities of the country.

The Council of Ministers – the highest executive and administrative authority in the country. The Council of Ministers issues decisions and orders pursuant to the laws on foreign trade, the general management of the relations of the Republic with foreign countries and international organizations. The Council of Ministers may impose restrictions, to establish certain requirements for the implementation of operations of the international exchange of goods and services to ensure that economic interests and to meet international obligations of the Republic.

Directly coordinating and regulatory role of government regulation and control of foreign economic activity performing ministries, state committees, executive committees, the National Bank of Belarus. The main ministries governing foreign economic and trade activities in the country are the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) and more recently the Ministry of Trade.

An important place in the management of foreign economic activities in the country occupy the Ministry of Economy and Finance Ministry. They carry out the regulation of export-import operations, participate in decision-making on the formation and use of the State Monetary Fund, conduct an examination of investment projects submitted for funding through foreign investments.

Significant place in the regulatory system of foreign economic activity belongs to the National Bank of the Republic and the State Customs Committee.

The National Bank determines the scope and the treatment of foreign currency in the country, developing management activities of the Belarusian ruble against foreign currencies, oversees the conduct of foreign exchange transactions. The National Bank also determines the order and issue a permit to open in the country of foreign banks, their branches and representative offices. State Customs Committee shall direct supervision of customs business in the Republic of Belarus.

The structure of the apparatus of regulation and control of foreign economic activity also includes Republican foreign trade associations and organizations, foreign companies businesses and community organizations such as the Belarusian Chamber of Commerce

(Bel CCI) and the various associations of business cooperation with foreign countries.

The analytical representation is obtained from the standard through the provision of financial account of balance of payments transactions, called the operations of emergency funding. By the operations of emergency funding, usually related to operations related to the change in reserve assets of the country, but also related to changes in arrears to the outside world. In addition, countries that make up the balance of payments, the right to determine the operations that relate to finance. In the analytical representation of the balance of payments of the Republic of Belarus in the article include financing transactions related to the change in reserve assets of the Republic, the payments for raising and repayment of principal loans from the International Monetary Fund, the transactions associated with changes in outstanding debt servicing of loans attracted under the guarantee of the Government of the Republic of Belarus as well as arrears for imports of energy resources in the republic.

Y = C + I + G + NX, (1)

where NX = EX – IM – net exports. A positive value indicates its current account surplus, a negative – about a deficit.

This form of the basic identity of national accounts is the most common. In general, the identity shows why net exports (or the current account balance) is an important indicator of the economy. If the right side of this identity is the total cost of manufacturing GDP, any changes in net exports would entail a change in total output and employment. In addition, the basic identity of national accounts shows the relation between the value of GDP, domestic spending and net exports:

Here, if the value exceeds the release of internal costs, the value of net exports is positive and the country exports the difference. If the value of output is reduced and does not cover the difference, the value of net exports is negative, and the country lives in debt, that is, consumes more than it produces.

Interconnection payments accounts balance. The relationship of the current account and capital account can be represented in the transformation of the basic identity of national accounts (1) to:

Y – C – G = I + NX

Please note that the left side of the equation, we get the value of national savings S. Rewriting this equation, we obtain the following:

I – S = – NX

This form of the basic identity of national accounts shows a link between the international flow of funds for capital accumulation (I-S) and the international flow of goods and services (NX).

The quantity (I-S) represents the difference of domestic investment and domestic savings and capital account describes. It shows the amount of investment financed by foreign loans. The current account records the money received from abroad in exchange for domestic net exports of goods and services (including the net proceeds from the use of factors of production). Therefore, in general terms the value of net exports NX reflects the current account.

From the basic identity of national accounts, it follows that the capital account and current account balance of payments balance each other, namely:

NX = – (I – S) = S – I

If the investment exceeds domestic savings, when (I> S), the missing investment should be attracted from abroad. They allow the country to import more goods and services than it exports (IM> EX), ie net exports is negative and the current account balance deficit. In this case the country in the world acts as a debtor. Conversely, if domestic savings exceed domestic investment, the surplus is used for lending to foreign partners. Country on the world stage acts as a lender. In this case, the current account surplus can be used to purchase real estate abroad, providing loans to other countries, as well as for the accumulation of foreign reserves.

Thus, capital account and current account balance each other, as a result means that the international flows of goods and services and international financial flows are two sides of a single process of international trade. Their interaction leads to an imbalance external balance, ie creating or asset, or the deficit, which requires the adoption of adequate measures to equalize the balance of payments in the national economic policy. Alignment problems of balance of payments in the current period are increasingly international in nature and require a concerted and sometimes concerted action by several governments, which requires the adoption of joint decisions and to develop a coherent economic policy.

In general, a fundamental deviation from the balance of payments equilibrium for a long time can not be sustained, since the favorable external payments position, it causes the expansion of foreign exchange reserves and contributes to inflation, and at worst – depletes reserves and requires the state to conduct activities, painfully affecting the domestic economy. In particular it is shown at a large balance of payments deficit.

There is a varied arsenal of methods to regulate the balance of payments aimed at stimulating either, or to restrict foreign trade based on monetary and economic situation of the country (see, for example, [3]).

In fact, the deficit of balance of payments of state influence the choice of tools is reduced to two varieties of action: either the so-called policy of deflation, ie, overall reduction in demand in the country, which means that help deter or even an absolute reduction in economic growth, or special actions on the external payments by direct state regulation of individual balance of payments items.

Deflationary policies. Policies aimed at reducing domestic demand and fiscal restraint comprises mainly for civilian purposes, the freezing of prices and wages. One of its most important tools are the financial and monetary measures: reducing the budget deficit, changes in interest rates the central bank (discount policy), credit limits, limits the growth of money supply, devaluation of national currency. In an economic downturn in the presence or risk of having a large army of unemployed and reserves unused production capacity policy of deflation leads to a further drop in output and employment. It is associated with the attack on living standards and threatens to aggravation of social conflicts, if not accepted compensation measures. One of the main tools is the devaluation of the deflationary policy, in addition, are also used by foreign exchange restrictions, the measures of fiscal policy.

Devaluation – is to depreciate the national currency, aimed at boosting exports and curbing imports.

The role of devaluation in the regulation of the balance of payments depends on the specific conditions of its implementation and related general economic and financial policies. Devaluation stimulates the export of goods only if the export potential of competitive products and services and a favorable world market situation. As for the deterrent effect of devaluation on import, the internationalization of the process of reproduction and development of international specialization country often can not dramatically reduce the importation of goods. Moreover, not all countries have policies of import substitution.

Expensive its imports, devaluation may lead to increased production costs of domestic goods, raising prices in the country and consequent loss obtained with the help of its competitive advantages in foreign markets. Therefore, although the devaluation could give the country a temporary advantage, but in many cases it does not address the causes of deficits.

To get the desired effect the devaluation should be sufficient in size. Otherwise, it only adds to speculation on the currency markets, as may be possible to re-review of the exchange rate. At the same time, the excessive size of the devaluation causes a chain reaction of other currencies depreciate, and then the country, devalued currency, is deprived of competitive advantages, which she expected.

Some countries occasionally multiple currency practices as a hidden devaluation. The introduction of floating exchange rate regime also helps equalize the balance of payments. Termination of the saccadic devaluations, to some extent relieved the pressure on international speculative capital calculations. However, under floating exchange rates, the impact of market decline in the relative prices of imported and exported goods can be easily reduced to nothing. Therefore, to ensure the effective devaluation of many countries, especially developing countries, impose differential taxes and subsidies on exports and imports.

Exchange restrictions. Blocking foreign exchange earnings of exporters, the licensing of the sale of foreign currency to importers, the concentration of foreign exchange transactions at authorized banks address the balance of payments deficit by limiting the export of capital and encourage its inflow, deter imports.

It is significant that in the late 70s – early 80s, despite the liberalization of current operations, approximately 90% of the convertible currency used restrictions on international movement of capital. EU countries have abolished them only in the early 90s.

Financial and monetary policies. To reduce the current account deficit are used budgetary subsidies to exporters, protectionist raising import duties, the abolition of tax on interest paid to foreign holders of securities to capital inflows into the country, monetary policy, especially the accounting policies and targeting the money supply (setting targets of its annual growth).

Specific measures include direct regulation of individual items of balance of payments during the formation of its main items – the trade balance, “invisible” transactions, capital movements.

The most important object of regulation is the balance of trade. In modern conditions the state regulation covers not only the sphere of circulation, but also the production of export goods.

Promotion of exports of goods in the implementation phase is carried out by the impact on prices (providing exporters with tax and credit incentives, exchange rate change, etc.). To create a long-term interest of exporters in the export of goods and opening up new markets for the state provides export target credit, protecting them from economic and political risks, introduces a preferential consumption of fixed capital and provides them with other financial and credit incentives in exchange for a commitment to fulfill certain export program.

Due to increased competition in world commodity markets, focusing on management of export-oriented production by deepening intra-sectoral specialization and cooperation of domestic firms to foreign ones.

With the aim of deepening international specialization government encourages export activity of small and medium-sized firms. Steps are being taken to promote the role of agricultural exports, which is considered as “green oil”. Encouraged the expansion of sales of machinery and equipment. State enterprise focuses heavily on foreign markets, creating benefits for them and putting resources into the export production of the industries producing products for the domestic market. State regulation applies to all exports under free movement of goods from the study of foreign markets to after-sales service abroad.

Export incentives are used more and more complex. These include monetary, financial, institutional forms of support to exporters, including advertising, information, training.

In the passive balance of payments import regulation is carried out by its abbreviation and the development of the national production of goods for import substitution. Practiced by non-tariff barriers.

In order to regulate the payment and receipt of an “invisible” balance of payments, the following measures:

restriction of export of currency regulations of the country by tourists, direct or indirect government involvement in the creation of tourism infrastructure to attract foreign tourists, the expansion of public spending on research and development in order to increase revenue from trade in patents, licenses, scientific and technical knowledge, etc. , regulation of labor migration.

Thus, countries with balance of payments deficit is usually undertaken by a complex measures to stimulate exports, curb imports, foreign capital restrictions export of capital.

Carrying out these measures, encounters many obstacles. Policy of deflation is extremely undesirable because it leads to slower economic growth and lagging behind its competitors. With regard to measures of direct regulation, they are in some cases may only be an emergency and temporary, as inevitably cause the adoption of response from partners, which threatens to escalate this policy in a currency and trade wars.

Establishment of SEZ in the Republic of Belarus for the following reasons:

country’s need for foreign investment, the need for the restructuring of production in order to integrate the economy into the global economy, advantageous location of Belarus, predetermining the interest of foreign investors to develop the market of the Republic and CIS countries, especially the economy, is the lack of availability of natural resources and at the same time the high potential of processing industries with skilled labor, which involves the orientation of production for export of high technology products.

Currently, the Republic of Belarus established and operated six free economic zones: FEZ “Brest”, FEZ “Minsk”, FEZ “Gomel-Raton”, FEZ “Vitebsk”, FEZ “Mogilev”, FEZ “Grodnoinvest”. All existing SEZ in the Republic of Belarus are complex zones.

Aims and objectives of each of the SEZ shall be based on the functional type of SEZ to be determined by the Regulations of the SEZ. Basically it is engaging and effective use of foreign and domestic investment to create and promote export-oriented industries based on modern and high technologies, as well as efficient use of existing production facilities. Nevertheless, there is a specific purpose. For example:

for FEZ «Gomel-Raton” – is engaging in production activities of unconventional resources and energy sources for economic zone “Brest” – expanding consumer products and services for FEZ “Minsk” – increasing load the airport “Minsk-2″ and the further development of air transport, for the FEZ “Vitebsk” and “Mogilev” – developing and ensuring the effective use of available engineering and transport infrastructure for the SEZ “Grodnoinvest” – the transformation of the regional economy of advanced resource-saving technologies.

At the same time, there are rules restricting the use of preferential treatment to certain types of economic activity. Thus, in FEZ “Mogilev” and “Vitebsk” tax exemptions do not apply to trading and trading-purchasing activity of FEZ residents. FEZ “Minsk”, “Gomel-Raton”, “Grodnoinvest ‘rights and benefits also apply to catering. FEZ “Brest” can not be registered as residents of the state-owned enterprises, institutions and organizations of energy, rail, air and other main transport and communication; tax exemptions do not apply to activities related to gambling.

Free economic zones of Belarus attracted

2003, the country’s economy about $ 84 million of foreign investment, which is 2.7 times more than in 2002.

Increase in investment in 2003 helped expand the boundaries of free economic zones. The emergence of new engineers equipped production facilities in the FEZ “Vitebsk” enabled last year to register

11 new residents with a total announced investment 11.2 million USD. FEZ “Minsk” change of borders has made it possible to begin preparing for the implementation of 8 projects worth

85 million dollars., FEZ “Gomel-Raton” – 5 projects totaling 102.6 million dollars.

In 2003, the increase in production compared to 2002 was 169% of proceeds from the sale of products, goods and services – 167% of exports of goods – 147% of taxes, fees and other payments to the budget and extrabudgetary funds – 170%.

Thus, as experience shows, the SEZ is favored

creation enabling environment for regional economic development, revitalization of its foreign trade activities; involvement in the economic process of additional foreign investment, thereby reducing the need to borrow, the development of the export base through the establishment of foreign production partners on the basis of the latest technologies that can reduce foreign exchange expenditure on imports due to saturation of the domestic market of import-substituting products; introduction in the production of foreign scientific and technological developments and inventions, the acceleration of socio – economic development of the area, etc.

For currency transactions connected with capital movement are:

1. Cash investments in the authorized capital of non-residents in order to generate income and eligibility for participation in management. Investments in share headband made of non-residents at their own expense of residents.

2. Purchase of securities and other money market instruments issued by non-residents. Acquisition of securities issued by non-residents, and other money market instruments of non-residents authorized banks is part of a license to carry out foreign exchange transactions (general or internal) of the authorized bank. Additional license of the central bank to carry out these operations is not required.

Purchase of securities and other money market instruments issued by non-residents shall be in accordance with the laws of the country of registration of the resident.

3. Giving and receiving credits and loans in the form of money for a period of more than 180 days. These operations are carried out by the authorized banks in the currency license for foreign exchange transactions in cases and order established by law. Additional licenses of the central bank to carry out these operations is not required.

4. Giving and receiving payment terms, usually for a period of 180 days for exports and imports of goods, works and services.

5. The opening of the current foreign exchange accounts for residents in authorized non-resident banks – produced under license of the central bank and can be carried out in order to:

of calculations relating to the implementation of industrial and economic activity in a foreign country, attracting credit loans from the legal (physical) non-resident person, placing legal entities and businesses money on deposit in a non-resident bank; content outside of the country offices, a branch of the legal entity authorized by the bank, shopping at home, the financing of specialized work performed outside the country (building and construction, geologoizyskatelskie, construction and repair and other works of a traveling nature) in the absence of operational capabilities of the above operations through authorized banks.

6. Transfers of funds carried out in payment for the purchase of property buildings, structures and other property located outside the country of registration of a resident;

7. All other foreign exchange transactions that are not current.

Currency transactions connected with capital movement, carried out by legal entities and entrepreneurs, as well as the authorized banks with a license, permit or certificate of registration of the central bank.

The Central Bank may refuse to issue the license, permit or registration certificate in the following cases:

representation improperly issued a set of documents, submission of false information available at the time of submission of documents outstanding obligations to the tax authorities or the central bank, resulting from any violation entity, entrepreneur or state law authorized bank in the area of ​​tax and currency regulations, including violations of conditions previously issued licenses to register to conduct foreign exchange operations involving the movement of capital.

The Central Bank may issue a general permit for all stakeholders to engage in a certain type of currency transactions connected with capital movement.

April 26th, 2009 | Category: Global Economy | Tags: security, compensation, citizenship, take, board, program, division, puts, exporting almost all countries to actively influence the process of exporting and importing labor. The purpose of inter-state migration policy – to maximize the positive effects of international migration, to minimize the negative consequences of this phenomenon for both the donor and for recipient countries. In particular, the regulation of imports of labor has two main objectives:

Protection of national labor market by the natural flow of migrant workers, exacerbates the problem of employment. Ensuring rational use of foreign workers working in those areas where for various reasons vacancies can not be occupied by domestic labor resources.

At present, there was a system of state regulation of immigration, which includes legislation on the legal, political and professional status of immigrants in a given country, the national immigration and inter-governmental agreements on migration.

At the international level, activities are coordinated national immigration service SOPEMI (system of ongoing monitoring of the migration) created by OECD countries (Organization for Economic and Social Development). In the inter-governmental agreements on the hiring of foreign workers sets out the terms of stay of migrants in the host country, with which compliance is to protect the interests of migrants. Thus, in intergovernmental agreements on the hiring of foreign workers, concluded between the FRG and exporting countries, there is a provision stating that the hiring and payment of foreign workers by employers based on the same points of tariff agreements, as for the German workers. Control of immigration, primarily the entry of foreign workers into the country. They issue an entry permit for a specified period in accordance with the applications business.

The first step in regulating migration can be considered the organization of recruitment of foreign workers, which is based on intergovernmental agreements, which may be bilateral or multilateral. These documents establish certain quantitative limits (quotas) on the entry of nationals into the country. Multilateral agreements have been concluded, for example, between the European Union. Of particular importance here gets control of immigration from third countries (ie from countries outside the European Union).

The world practice shows that usually host country restrictions do not apply to:

Workers competing for low-wage work, work with difficult and dangerous working conditions are not prestigious and unskilled work. Professionals and growing priority areas of economic activity, such as electronics engineer. Representatives of the rare professions (diamond cutters, and restorers of paintings and ancient manuscripts that doctors practicing alternative methods of treatment). Highly qualified specialists and representatives of the professions. Management staff of firms and their divisions, as well as entrepreneurs who are shifting their activities in the host country and create new jobs.

In recent years, many countries such as Austria, Sweden and Finland are trying to tighten control over the entry of foreign workers because of the growing illegal immigration. For example, Sweden is going to require not only the presentation of an immigrant has already signed a contract for work, but the documents confirming the knowledge of Swedish or English, as well as evidence of fair housing.

In some Western European countries have adopted programs aimed at encouraging the repatriation (return of refugees to their homeland). For example, in France and Germany were introduced tangible benefits in the event of a voluntary dismissal of foreign workers and their return home. In Germany, the payments were introduced to Turkish and Portuguese workers, who were paid only half a year after their return.

In addition to programs that promote repatriation by the payment of money, importing countries the labor force worked out various measures aimed at facilitating the return of workers to their home countries. France is among the first countries in Western Europe in 1975 introduced a system of training to immigrants from Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Portugal, Mali, Yugoslavia, Turkey and Spain. Germany in the early 70s has announced a similar program for the training of foreigners from Turkey, Yugoslavia and Greece. However, the number of foreigners who have received training under this program was very little and did not produce tangible results in promoting repatriation.

One of the ways to limit the number of foreign workers is set in some European countries, the "price" to the state for hiring foreign workers, which is gradually increased. However, despite this "tax" to entrepreneurs in many cases advantageous to use foreign workers, especially illegal, as less secure and more manageable.

Along with state regulation of immigration, there is government regulation and emigration. It is particularly well developed in countries where the export of labor is an important element of economic development.

State regulation of labor export has the following objectives:

Protecting the rights and interests of emigrant workers in host countries, their opposition to discrimination in the country of temporary residence. Compensation for loss from the exit of the national labor force in the country.

Achieving the goals of emigration policy is based on the following principles:

Guarantee the possibility of returning migrants to their homeland. Provide income to the country and the effective use of remittances of migrant workers. Help alleviate the "inside" of unemployment due to departure of the contingent workers who are not in demand in this market. Limiting exit employment in those sectors whose needs are not satisfied with the labor force. Improvement of the internal labor market due to receive returnees, who during his stay abroad have increased their level of qualification.

In 1951 in Brussels to ensure the orderly migration of persons in need of international migration services, was founded by the International Organization for Migration (IOM). At present, IOM is an intergovernmental organization, which unites 60 member countries and 40 observer countries. During its existence the organization has helped 8 million migrants in humanitarian, emergency and other programs.

The Republic of Belarus is among the IOM in 1994 as an observer, in December 1996 opened the Minsk office of IOM. The main activities of the International Organization for Migration in Belarus is the interaction with government agencies, assisting in the formation of migration policy and to strengthen relevant governmental structures. IOM has some technical and consultative assistance to the State Border Troops Committee, Committee on Migration, provides assistance in training, organizing seminars on illegal and migration. The Minsk office of IOM provides direct assistance, carrying out humanitarian repatriation program "stuck" in the country of illegal immigrants and former students. Only 4 months of 2001. home was sent to more than 60 citizens of China, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Colombia, and others. At the same time many of the problems of illegal and forced migration remain (for example, control over the stay of refugees). In general, it should be noted that the choice of measures of state influence on the world of uncontrolled migration is dependent primarily on assessing the impact of a migration flow to the national security and public order.

The legal basis for the implementation of the government of the Republic of Belarus in the sphere of migration in the first place is the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus, laws "On Legal Status of Foreign Citizens and Stateless Persons in Belarus", 1993, "On Citizenship of the Republic of Belarus" 1991, "On Refugees "in 1995," On Employment of the Republic of Belarus ", 1991, as amended," On external migration, "1998. These legal acts regulating the procedure for control of the state primarily for legal movement of people entering the citizens and stateless persons on the territory of the Republic of Belarus and exit out of it. Regulate and control assigned to the Department of Migration under the Ministry of Labour and Social Security. To create a database managed migration consistent strategy applied at the bilateral level through inter-governmental agreements on labor and social protection of citizens. Belarus has signed similar agreements with Russia, Moldova, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania, Kazakhstan, the Czech Republic at various stages of development are agreements with Yugoslavia, Armenia, Mongolia, China.

Politics of the Republic of Belarus in the sphere of migration is based on the principles of humanism and respect for human rights, rule of law, the inevitability and efficiency of administrative responsibility for violation of foreign law of the Republic of Belarus.

Thus, the majority of the carries, according to the goals and objectives of socio-economic development, rather rigid and strictly regulated external migration policy. It includes a system of special measures, legislation and international agreements (bilateral and multilateral) to regulate migration flows, restricting inflow or outflow of refugees, illegal migrants and promote cost-effective flow of human capital in the first place, scientific personnel and highly skilled.

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