Journal of Economics

Article EF Amirov, graduate student, a senior lecturer of agricultural economics KGSHA

Grain and its products are the main food of the population, suitable for long storage, transportable if necessary redistribution of the country.
Grain is the major source of income is not only and not for its manufacturers, it poses a significant portion of the proceeds of food industry. Particularly important is the evaluation of grain production in terms of social significance, reliable supply of the population with bread and cereal products, as well as foods derived from products of grain processing. Therefore, to ensure national food security grain and its products are of particular importance as food of strategic importance.
The common problems for all businesses grain products sub are now a number of factors. These are: the unpredictability of the grain market, the lack of information about the situation developing on him, various restrictions on free trade by the municipal authorities; insolvent consumers, the rising costs of production, storage and processing of grain, growing competition and high interest rates the bank for the use of credit and lack of space available for bidding, auctions, tenders, etc. The grain market today dominates the intermediary by dictating the conditions of sale and the producer and consumer zernoproduktsii.
Stimulating the development of Russian grain market is expedient to perform in four directions.
In the first direction, in order to achieve a sustainable supply of grain to stimulate increased production and optimize the structure providing improved relations between the species, the production of marketable grain groups, increase in the proportion of strong and durum wheat.
Should be refined and improved medium-term credit programs of grain producers and increase the funds of the Federal Leasing Fund for the grain-producing farms.
In the second direction, ie To meet the increasing demand for corn, the most realistic recovery in Russia (as far as possible to the volume of 1990) and animal husbandry. Primarily, this can be pigs and poultry as the most maturing industries to meet the needs of the population of the Russian regions, in the production of this industry. Obvious need to increase also reserve and insurance funds, which require activation of the State in this direction.
By the third direction – promoting growth in the structure of supply in the market share of grain products (flour, cereals, breads, rolls, pastries, etc.) – should note the following. Obviously the general trend of decreasing amounts of grain because of organizational reasons and changing economic conditions. Analysis showed that increasing the share of export of grain from the territories, regions, republics of the Russian Federation in the 90-ies. Twentieth century. at lower its output, has led to underloading production capacity of major grain processing enterprises. Regions with sufficient potential across the range of grain processing and production of the required number of bakeries use these powers only for 50 – 60%.
Partial utilization of the productive capacity of processing enterprises, in turn, increases the cost of production and does not give the required amount of financial revenue for their renewal and reconstruction. Proportion of obsolete equipment by major grain processing enterprises exceeds 30%, there is a considerable reduction of production capacities, especially those with the least congestion.
One of the biggest in scale reductions occurred in the baking industry – almost twice. And the most obvious process in the countryside. Russia’s population (mostly rural) due to declining purchasing power has increased to bake bread at home, which is directly one of the factors reducing the production of bread and bakery products operating bread-baking plants and bakeries.
Loss of integrity of the technological system “production – processing – sale of products in grain products sub contributed greatly to elect the procedure of privatization of the third sphere of agribusiness (mainly by a variant of corporatization). As a result, the total volume of shares in privatized to date, harvesting and processing enterprises, the share of grain producers is only 15-16% of the shares. The owners of these businesses are usually private individuals, companies, firms.
In these circumstances, the desire of grain producers receive a larger share in the final price of the product (flour, cereals, breads, etc.) promotes the growth of those who sells such products are produced by processing corn directly on farms or in giving conditions. As a result, the most progressive agricultural enterprises in Russia now have their own mill production (input is 5-10 tons per shift), and almost a third of enterprises prises built and equipped with a bakery – are serious competitors of grain processing enterprises. Their competitiveness is achieved by relatively low-cost raw materials (recycling their own grain), savings on marketing products through its sales network for the labor force (the level of payment in rural areas is two times lower). At the same time on the processing quality characteristics in small shops significantly inferior to large processors, because the output of flour mills small lose on average about 15-20%.
Large specialized grain processing enterprises and elevators to compete with small industries are forced to open up new, sometimes unusual for them to production, to provide various services. Thus, large-scale industrial production mill, occupying a volume of production of flour more than 60% have mastered the production of utility for bread, pastry and confectionery, and bakery company, in turn, equip their mills.
It updates the ordering of the integration process. At the present time has been extended a special type of integration – diversification – which essentially consists in the penetration of large companies in other industries with which it is neither a direct nor an indirect production linkages. When the principles are used to diversify investment and innovation resources – to create large market structures, which combine in a single cycle of grain production, processing, organizing the implementation of grain and products therefrom, providing technical re-grain-producing industries, the introduction of new technologies. This increases the proportion of grain producers in the final product (for example, in bakery products) to 30-35%, giving them the profitability necessary for extended reproduction. The share of processed grain in total sales to rise by almost 1,5 times. That is, the economically rational action massive market structure can improve the value-added grain products sub, while creating conditions for the formation of the grain market, the relevant important economic and soil-climatic potential of Russia. Stimulating the development of such structures also contributes to the problem of “collapse” of the “shadow” market.
For the fourth direction of the grain market, increased exports of grain – must, of course, their production in excess of domestic demand, the structure and quality are competitive on world markets.
Achieving these strategic goals is possible in the implementation of economic instruments and regulatory nature of the market as commodity intervention to ensure the establishment of “buffer” stocks of grains and enhance the maintenance of price on it; pricing agreements, limiting trade allowances, the introduction of deposit grain, machinery warehouse receipts; preferential tariffs, special credits, tax holidays to grain producers, the development of exchange trade, promotion of corporate business entities, closing a full cycle “production – realization” in the grain market and its products.