Posts Tagged ‘land use’
The main directions of improving the efficiency of land use
As we know, land resources are characterized by spatial constraints. From an economic point of view of the limited land – a relative term, since the additional investment in land can continuously increase the production per unit area.
Consequently, the main way to increase the economic efficiency of land use in agriculture at this stage – the intensification of Sequential. Objective need for its continuous growth is determined by the demand for agricultural products in the desired range and a corresponding decline in the quality and availability of fertile land, or used in a per capita basis.
Key measures for improvement of land use can be roughly grouped into the following three areas:
1) to reduce the size of the area, for different reasons drop out of economic circulation, the simultaneous involvement in agricultural production areas of marginal and unused;
2) increasing the productivity of existing farmland;
3) better utilization of existing soil fertility. Each of these includes a system of interrelated measures (ways):
- Development and implementation of evidence-based farming systems. The effect of the development of farming systems characterized by increasing yield and total yield of crops, changes in the structure of high-protein crop production, sustainable agriculture for years, growth in labor productivity;
- Design and development of crop rotations. This enables the most efficient use of land, evenly distribute the work in the fields, fought successfully against weeds, pests and diseases
crops more productive use of moisture and fertilizer;
- Designing and implementing erosion control measures. It provides the most rational use and protection against erosion and deflation of arable land, pastures and all other lands, that is, provides the conditions for creating managed agro-ecological systems.
- A special place in improving the productivity and efficiency of land use is land reclamation, which includes a system of various techniques to increase soil fertility, creating in it a favorable water regime change for the better physical and chemical properties. Carrying out reclamation provides a high effect only when accompanied by a general rise of agriculture. Carrying out reclamation is costly. In some cases they are very high and the payback is not immediately, in others – cost-effectiveness of reclamation is much higher;
- A specific reserve for the expansion of productive land is the reclamation of disturbed lands. Increase in area of farmland, and possibly also due to plowing wastelands, and other unused plots of the field and back roads that have lost their meaning. Reasonable land consolidation allows efficient use of technology, labor “force, reduces the period of work, and consequently improves the use of land;
-Big reserves lie in the pure vapor;
- The main way to increase the productivity of agriculture
-Intensification. It determines not only the additional investment, but also improving the technology and production organization;
- A special place in all areas of land management is a system of economic incentives, proper organization of labor, the introduction of on-farm calculations, different forms of contract, lease, improve governance, reform, etc.;
System of measures must also ensure the growth of soil fertility of land. Successful farming is impossible without the complex nature of biological factors, the use of the achievements of NTP. The solution to this problem involves a system of measures, which is characterized as biologization agriculture, the central task – to preserve the quality of land.
Indicators of land use in agriculture
Rabinovich, LM suggests using the following indicators to assess the land:
1. value of gross crop production on a single inventory cost per 1 ha, rub.;
2. payback, years;
3. ”Differential profit”, which shows that part of net income which is received in the lands of better quality and location.
Work to assess the land is vested in the design institutes, which should also give the scale of assessments of performance. On rating scales determined on a scale economic evaluation of land.
Under the economic efficiency of land use should understand the level of her farm. It is characterized by the yield per unit area and its cost [26, p.56].
Variety of factors affecting the level and efficiency of land use brought about a number of indicators. Analysis revealed imprecision, inaccuracy and inconsistency of many of them. Today, therefore, issues of measurement, evaluation and economic efficiency of land use are highly debatable.
Consider the indicators of land use, which offers Emel’yanov AM: “The efficiency of land use is expressed by a system of indicators. They can be kind and value, characterized by the use of land in some sectors or economy as a whole.
For individual crops indicator of land use is the yield on a number of the livestock industries – output per 100 hectares of land. When the estimated land use in all branches of agriculture or livestock, as well as on the economy as a whole, there is positive performance is unacceptable, and apply a comparable cost indicators. In addition to production volume, and calculate the yield of gross and net income per unit land area.
For a comparable assessment of the performance of different types of agricultural land is converted into conventional tillage.
One of the indicators of land use in different farms or in the same household for several years is the proportion of arable land in all agricultural areas [27, p.111].
Academician of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences Dobrynin, VA also propose to use the crop yield and cost per unit as indicators of economic efficiency of land use. ”For an objective comparative evaluation of the level of land use should be considered one of the most important factors influencing the results of farming – the quality of the earth” [26, p.54].
Nikitenko AA the main indicator of the level of economic efficiency A land use is the production of products with a unit of land area in physical and monetary terms. Level of efficiency of land use is determined by dividing the gross output in the area of the land or forage crops [18, p.50].
Rabinovich, LM challenges the application of productivity as an indicator of land use. He said: “Firstly, the yield of even one and the same culture can be obtained at quite different levels of labor input and capital goods, and therefore in this case you can not measure the economic efficiency of land use.
Secondly, with the yield can not compare the level of use of land not only in different households, but also between teams of one economy …
It turns out that the yield can only serve as indicator of agronomic, technical efficiency of land use and only in this culture, but can in no case serve as an indicator of economic efficiency of land as a means of production. “
He suggests using a system of indicators, which consists of direct and indirect.
We list summarizing direct indicators of the level and efficiency of land use (per unit area):
1) the value of gross agricultural production;
2) the cost of commercial products;
3) the amount of cash proceeds;
4) the amount of gross income;
5) net income;
6) the amount of profit.
Direct indicators also include: the volume of selected products for 100 hectares of the farmland, p, the volume of gross agricultural production per 100 hectares of conventional tillage, ts.k.ed. or ts.z.ed., the volume of commodity production on 100 hectares of conventional tillage, ts.k.ed. or ts.z.ed.
Indirect indicators include:
1) the percentage of plowing,%;
2) the proportion of arable land in the area of arable land,%;
3) the share of acreage in the area of arable land,%;
4) the structure of arable land.
WAYS TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY OF LAND USE
All activities that promote a more complete and efficient use of the principal means of production in agriculture – land, can be grouped into the following groups.
1. Inclusion in the production use of each hectare of land assigned to the management: do not allow it to fall out of economic circulation.
2. Improving the economic soil fertility – is primarily irrigation and drainage, chemical drainage, fertilizer application, the development of crop rotation, superficial and radical improvement of meadows and pastures.
3. Preservation of fertility and soil conservation: field protective afforestation, conservation technologies and crop rotation systems, measures to combat wind and water erosion.
4. Rational use of economic fertility: the use of the most abundant varieties, improved seed, improved plant layouts, compliance with the optimal timing of agricultural activities and the implementation of high quality, combating plant diseases, pests and weeds. Activities of the groups not directly affect the agrochemical properties of soil, but contribute to a better use of being in her nutrients.
5. Organizational and economic measures: improving the structure of sown areas, taking into account the market situation, the deepening of specialization, application of progressive forms of compensation and benefits, improved forms of management and others |
Efficient use of land is impossible without a rational organization of the territory of the agricultural enterprise. With this purpose in each sector, a draft land management with a detailed organizational and economic and agro-economic justification, the majority of the above activities take into consideration in its development.
The project farm land contains the following components:
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EFFICIENCY OF LAND USE IN AGRICULTURE
Economic efficiency of agricultural land use is characterized by two groups of factors: natural and cost. The list of physical indicators and methods for their calculations are as follows:
1. Productivity of major crops, 1 ha of comparable acreage.
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