Improving soil fertility and protection of land from erosion
Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan in March 1997 adopted a resolution № 216 and approved Comprehensive program to increase soil fertility and protect them from erosion in the Republic of Tatarstan for 1997-2005, which envisages a complex of anti-farming, water development, agroforestry, define the necessary amounts of agrochemical operations, application of biological methods, arrangements for the management of soils.
However, a number of reasons, among them the lack of communication between ministries and agencies responsible for implementation of the Program, the unresolved issues of funding, lack of attention to the efficient use of land administration and land areas, the main activities of this program are not executed.
Based on decisions of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan in 1997-1999, 115 thousand hectares of arable land with a slope of 5 degrees and 100.5 thousand hectares of degraded arable land on the grounds of waterlogging and strong stoniness was transferred to the natural forage lands. However, to date, according to Land Cadastre Service of 20,6 thousand hectares of these lands are not Záluží. It can be classified as a misuse of land, and how the failure of mandatory measures for the prevention of water erosion. If failure to tinned isolated areas of the districts currently continues to receive proposals for the further transfer of arable land in hay pastures.
Do not hold as aspects of the program on tinned 27 thousand hectares of the coastal fringes of rivers and other water bodies.
Of the activities envisaged for 5 years made only volumes establishment of forest plantations. But out of 7.8 thousand hectares were planted for this time of plantations – 4,2 thousand hectares or 53% roadside shelterbelts.Program also provided for the establishment of protective forest plantations annually on an area of 1 ha was on agricultural lands to protect them. Moreover, in recent years have increasingly practiced by planting forests on flat arable arrays 20 or more acres, while directly in the ravines and inconvenient land planting annually reduced.
In 2003, many areas of materials processing performed by the transfer of large areas of agricultural land in the forest for forest management. In this issue of land and agricultural authorities should see to it that were passed under the afforestation is really degraded, low-productive land or land to be protected from erosion.
A complex of agricultural, agro-chemical, drainage, erosion and kulturtehnicheskih events requires an objective and updated information on the status of soil fertility. This requires systematic soil surveys. What kind of effectiveness of interventions can say, if in 13 districts of the primary soil survey was conducted over 25 years ago:
This situation does not allow an objective and complete information about the status of land. Besides these older materials of soil surveys were used to conduct cadastral valuation of agricultural land.
Starting in 1993, is not carried out geo-botanical survey of the natural grassland – hay fields and pastures. A significant part of 976 thousand hectares of hayfields and pastures are in poor condition. Because of the haphazard grazing livestock, lack of work to improve the grassland are the major pasture whipped, zakochkarennymi in herbage are replacing valuable cereals and legumes on low-value, subject to grubostebelnye, weeds and poisonous plants, resulting in the steady decline in feed quality. Were not on the qualitative characteristics of the natural and the area transferred and tinned degraded arable land.
Rational and efficient use of agricultural land, protect them from erosion and, ultimately, improve soil fertility find their solution in the projects of farm land. Until 1990, all agricultural enterprises of the republic have been provided such a project. As a result of restructuring, reallocation of land between the new agricultural units, the restructuring of agricultural land was broken system of crop rotation, design placement belts, roads and other facilities, and as a consequence many farms there is no rational structure of sown areas. Currently, only 17% of the collective agricultural enterprises and 26% of farms have farm land management projects in the remaining territory of the farm organization is chaotic, without any system.
Over the past 10 years, on-farm land management carried out only in 218 collective farms, in 2002, these works are only 21 households out of 250 foreseen in the program. In 2003, the drafting of land use began only in the second half after the disbursement of funds from the republican budget of the Republic of Tatarstan.
The project farm land is your passport economy and includes calculations based on productivity and livestock, ensure that it feeds, the structure of sown areas, the organization of the territory and the system of crop rotation, a transition plan for them, the system of tillage and complex machines, the calculation of demand in technique, the system of raising soil fertility and protect them from erosion, seed and crop protection from pests, diseases and weeds, and several other developments.
The role of crop rotation especially increases in conditions of lack of agricultural machinery, pesticides, fertilizers, as the most important biological and environmental factors increase the productivity of the fields, soil conservation, creation of favorable phytosanitary conditions and reduce erosion.
Only with a comprehensive implementation of all activities on land conservation and improving soil fertility to meet the requirements agrolandscape farming systems in relation to land management and organization of the territories can ensure the maximum effect on the rational use of land and the environment.