Journal of Economics

Natural primary agricultural production are the resources of the earth. Their proper use can solve food supply problems of the population, improve their welfare, to ensure social stability in society.

Unlike industry, where the land is only a platform, the foundation for placing the means of production in agriculture, it serves as the primary means of production because of it depends largely on the results of an agricultural enterprise, therefore, is here laid inequality in agriculture that should be considered in management practices of agribusiness.

It should be borne in mind that the land their own specific features that distinguish it from other artificial means of production:

1) land, being a product of nature, in its original condition has no value, since its creation is not human labor expended. But other means of production created by the labor of people and therefore have value;

2) the results of agricultural production depends on the location, size and relief of the site;

3) land in the manufacturing process combines the functions of means and object of labor. As the subject of work the land manifests itself when people act on its upper horizon – soil with tools for agricultural production. The role of land as a means of labor is that with the help of the soil affects the plant people in the right direction to it;

4) the land can not be replaced by any other means of production, without it there can be production process in agriculture, especially in agriculture;

5) land space is limited. And the exhaustion of free land land can not be increased;

6) the land has a territorial extension and the permanent location of sites that allow widespread use in agriculture, mobile machines;

7) plots vary in quality. They may differ in fertility, topography and other characteristics that affect the crop yield and other indicators of production efficiency. This should be considered when planning the purchase of products, differentiation of the purchase price, resource allocation, regulation, other economic relations in areas of the country.

the land if used properly, does not wear out, not getting worse, but on the contrary, improves their properties, while other means of production are worn, outdated morally and replaced by new ones in the process of labor. This feature of the land due to its most valuable property – the fertility of the soil.

The essence of fertility characterized, above all, natural ability of soil to support the needs of plants for food and water during all periods of their growth and development. However, the treated soil fertility depends on the additional investment, ie the state of soil fertility is subject to change.

There are three types of fertility: natural, artificial and economic. Economic – the unity of natural and artificial fertility. They do not exist in parallel and not next to each other, and organically unified process food and plant life.Economic fertility fully and comprehensively reflects the productive property of the land.

All lands within the state form a single state land fund. The total land fund of the Russian Federation amounts to 1709.7 million ha.

The Land Fund is extremely heterogeneous in its composition and thus divided into categories, which are given in the Land Code of the Russian Federation.

In accordance with Article 7 of the Land Code all of the land for specific purposes into the following categories:

1. agricultural land;

2. Land settlement;

3. land for industry, energy, transportation, communication, radio, television, computer science, earth for space activities, the land of Defense Security and other special purposes;

4. lands of specially protected territories and objects;

5. forest fund lands;

6. ground water resources;

7. reserve lands.

Agricultural lands are lands below the settlement provided for agriculture, as well as designed for these purposes (Article 77 of the RF Land Code).

As part of the agricultural lands allocated agricultural land, land occupied by on-farm roads, utilities, trees and shrubs, designed to protect land from negative (harmful) of natural, man-made and man-made phenomena, closed water bodies, as well as buildings, facilities used for the production, storage and primary processing of agricultural products.

Agricultural lands – the lands were systematically used to produce agricultural products. These include arable land, fallow, perennial plants, hayfields and pastures.

Arable land – it’s farmland, are systematically processed and used for crops and fallow. On natural history and other property of arable land divided into the following subspecies: irrigated and drained, excessively wet, prone to erosion, pollution of stones. For deposits include land that had previously been arable land, but for various reasons, not inoculated (more than a year) crops. Perennial plants – a garden, berries, vineyards and other plantations. Hayfields – farmlands, systematically used for haymaking. Hayfields are divided into flood, upland, wetland, overgrown with bushes and trees, littered with rocks and hillocks, net, improved (radical improvement).Pastures – land on which systematically graze animals, and such use is their primary. There are sub-pastures: upland and marsh, summer, spring and autumn, winter, year-round cultural, improved (radical improvement).